Thursday, April 30, 2009

Improving the MSP430 FET

by Travis Goodspeed <travis at radiantmachines.com>

GOODFET10

To celebrate 4/30 day, I am happy to announce my own variant of the MSP430 FET debugger. My variant is compatible with a patched version of the original firmware, but my goal is to eventually have open firmware as well.

For an overview of the internal functioning of the original FET, see my three part series on Repurposing the EZ430, or torrent my 25C3 lecture on the same topic.

For the purposes of this discussion, a FET is any Flash Emulation Tool containing an MSP430F1612, including the FET UIF and EZ430 debuggers. The parallel-port FET operates differently and is outside the bounds of this discussion.

To follow along with this discussion, be sure to print the FET schematics from the relevant TI application notes. The FET UIF's schematic can be found on page 64 of SLAU138K. Version 1.0 of the EZ430U can found on page 12 of SLAU176B, while Version 2.0 can be found on page 13 of SLAU227B. As I've likely made a few mistakes in the write-up, please kindly inform me of them.

FT232 for TUSB3410


All present FETs use the TUSB3410 usb to serial converter. Support for this chip is a pain in Linux, with kernel module requirements varying often. It's so bad that I keep a script in my private svn repository for fixing support as quickly as possible, and despite the recent appearance of open FET clients, using them on an obscure operating system is impossible without kernel support.

Internally, the '3410 is an 8051 microcontroller with a USB 2.0 Full Speed (12Mb/s) peripheral and a single UART. The traditional FET and most other devices use this chip with its default usb/serial firmware, but the second-generation EZ430 firmware uses various tricks to make a second, bit-banged, asynchronous serial port to the debugging target. On Windows, this leads to reliability issues, and on Linux, this leads to utter incompatibility. The '3410 also requires several external components, complicated the design and making hand soldering less feasible.

The FT232R from FTDI is a perfect replacement. It is available in an SSOP28 package for easy soldering, every operating system on Earth supports it, and its only external components are decoupling capacitors.

Bootstrap Loader


The MSP430 Bootstrap Loader (BSL) and I have had some good times together. While I still consider it to be a security risk for locked devices, it's damned handy for an unlocked board such as the FET. Likely for historical reasons, the BSL runs on P1.1 and P2.2, rather than the hardware UART pins. It also requires a special reset sequence, in which the RTS and DTS serial lines are connected to the RST and TCK pins.

Early revisions of the FET did not connect the BSL I/O pins, making the software bootloader that I describe in my articles on the EZ430 necessary. (The FET and first-generation EZ430 share a flash bootloader, while the second-generation EZ430 has a different, larger bootloader.) While later hardware revisions of the UIF connect the BSL pins, I've not seen the masked-ROM BSL used in practice. My design supports the BSL, preventing bricking and allowing for TI's firmware and open firmware to be exchanged at a whim.

To program the board by BSL, use tos-bsl with the --invert-reset and --invert-test switches.

MSP430F1612/1611


The MSP430F1612 was chosen for compatibility with the original FET. It has 55K of flash and 5K of RAM. Alternately, the MSP430F1611 with an identical footprint might be used for applications which require additional RAM but are willing to use less flash, at the expense of compatibility with the original chip. (MSP430 firmware grows upward from the bottom of flash memory, making it easy to port code from a device with less flash to a device with more, but difficult to port in the opposite direction.)

All custom firmware should be compiled to run in the intersection of memory of the two chips. In that way, most applications will run on either chip, with only those that need more stack depth requiring the 1611 and only those requiring more flash memory requiring the 1612.

Crystals


The MSP430 supports both high-speed and low-speed crystals, with the low-speed crystal's frequency being multiplied. Stable timing is not necessary for synchronous protocols such as JTAG or Spy-Bi-Wire, but only for asynchronous serial communication. While the EZ430 and FET firmwares both demand high-frequency crystals for absurdly high serial baud rates, I expect to reduce the data rate and source an external low-frequency crystal to reduce the parts count.

It is also possible to use bit-banged serial, or to call bit-banging serial routines from the bootloader (BSL) ROM. The BSL's code is particularly elegant because it resyncs the timing with the 0x80 SYN byte. This byte in 8/E/1 (8 bits, Event parity, 1 stop bit) appears as 8 marks surrounded by spaces, so rather than being read it is measured. The measured width is right shifted three times to get a bit's width, then once more for a half-bit. This measurement is used to bit-bang one transaction, then a new measurement is made for the next transaction. In this manner, even without a crystal, the BSL is able to perform fast, reliable serial communication in spite of clock drift. By calling this code--which is already resident in each chip--crystal-free operation is possible.

A high-frequency crystal is required to run unpatched variants of TI's firmware, but I've decided against including one in the design at this stage. Perhaps this will change in the future.

I/O Pins


The first four pins of P5 are used as JTAG and SBW I/O. Starting with P5.0 and continuing to P5.3, they are TMS, TDI, TDO, and TCK. I've chosen to omit the FET UIF's optical isolation in favor of the EZ430's simpler protection, which consists of 47K pull up resistors and 100R current-limiting resistors. Unlike the EZ430, which only support spy-bi-wire, my design has a full 14-pin JTAG connector.

Firmware, Old


EZ430U Memory Map
The above image is the firmware of an EZ430U FET, generated by msp430static. 0x0000 is the bottom left corner, 0xFF00 the top left, and 0xFFFF the top right. Blue represents the target of an immediate pointer, black is empty flash memory, red is potentially executable code, and grey is information which is certainly not executable.

The image is composed of two parts. The upper red region is a bootloader which is used to reflash the chip, while the lower region does the actual work. As compilers ship with firmware upgrades, it is not necessary to distribute any copyrighted code. A replacement bootloader could accept a firmware upgrade, then patch it, while retaining software compatibility. More information on the bootloader can be found in Part 3 of my series on repurposing the TI EZ430U.

Firmware, New


Ideally, replacement firmware will be written for various applications, beyond MSP430 debugging. The same hardware could program competing microcontrollers, serial eeproms, FPGAs, and all sort of other things in the same way that the Hackaday Bus Pirate does.

So far as replacement firmware for debugging MSP430 chips goes, documentation is slim. Enough of the JTAG protocol has been documented to implement programming, but the setting of hardware breakpoints and other advanced features are not described by any public documentation. Custom firmware is not yet functional, but that ought to change in the near future.

Second Serial


The red board variants of the EZ430, those shipping with the RF kits, use drastically different firmware to facilitate a second serial port that connects to the target board. This breaks Linux compatibility, requiring firmware of both the MSP430 and the CAT24 EEPROM of the board to be downgraded.

To support low voltage serial communications, I brought out the second UART of the board's MSP430 to test points. This might also be used for timing attacks or similar things. Series and pull-up resistors would be nice on these lines, but they were omitted in the first design.

Availability


I've ordered a panel of the first revision, GOODFET10, and I'll send a board to anyone who is willing to assemble the device and help construct its firmware. Schematics, gerbers, and construction details have been posted to http://goodfet.sourceforge.net/, and "hello world" firmware has already been committed to the subversion repository.

271 comments:

1 – 200 of 271   Newer›   Newest»
johnie said...

"the second-generation EZ430 firmware uses various tricks to make a second, bit-banged, asynchronous serial port to the debugging target.
On Windows, this leads to reliability issues"

What exactly are these reliability issues?

Travis Goodspeed said...

As of year ago, I recall from a conference that the Windows demos of the EZ430RF2500 kits would crash at random. This was blamed on the unreliability of the USB-to-target-board port, which is bit-banged by the TUSB3410's 8051 core. There was no problem using the kit as a debugger, so long as that was done in Windows.

This might have since been fixed, and it probably doesn't happen at lower baud rates. For reliable communications, make an error-tolerant protocol or use a dedicated FTDI USB to TTL-level UART cable.

(The serial pins on my board are intended for operations where an FTDI chip alone won't suffice, such as odd baud rates and auto-detection of baud rates. For anything else, use a dedicated cable.)

--Travis

X-Istence said...

Would it be possible for you to make a blog post so that people like me who are having trouble following along with the various pin descriptions and firm wares and software that is out there to use the device to program our MSP430's?

I am currently using the Windows software to program my EZ430RF2500 kit that I got for free at one of Ti's 430 days here in Phoenix, but would prefer to either do it in FreeBSD, Mac OS X or Linux so that I don't have the need to keep a Windows machine around.

If I am asking the wrong person, or such documentation already exists, please feel free to smack me over the head!

Thank you,
Bert JW Regeer

Travis Goodspeed said...

Howdy Bert,

I tried to write a tutorial on using the RF2500 kit in Linux, but it eventually became four articles and a lecture on reverse engineering it!

Your RF2500 kit is not compatible with Linux because of the way in which its TUSB3410 chip is abused. To get around this, you will need to reflash both the MSP430 and CAT24 I2C EEPROM with images from an EZ430F2013 programmer. Alternatively, $20 will get you an EZ430F2013 kit that can program the RF2500T target boards.

If you have an old Windows machine, you might consider running gdbproxy.exe on it, then do everything else (compiling, debugging) from a Linux machine. Just point gdb at the Windows host instead of localhost. This has the added advantages of working with the RF2500 and those which which are not yet supported by gdbproxy in Linux.

For a good introduction to designing and programming a simple device with the MSP430F2013 kit, see Leah Shanker's Calculator Project article. Her code is for IAR, but it's easily ported to GCC.

Google for a toolchain article, as plenty has been written on that subject. Just keep in mind that the TUSB3410 is very finicky, and that support for it breaks with every other Linux kernel revision.

Hope this helps,
--Travis

Arash said...

Hi Travis,

Thanks for the great stuff that you have put up. I'm also playing with these ez430-rf2500 development kits and actually I don't mind programming them through a windows machine. I only need to use the serial interface to dump the data stream to the Linux machine.

My question is if I buy the EZ430F2013 kit will I be able to access the serial interface?

Thank you,
Arash

Travis Goodspeed said...

Arash,

The EZ430F2013 kit does not support the serial port to the target board, even in hardware revisions with the pins to do so. Instead, use a 3V FTDI usb/serial cable.

--Travis

Arash said...

Hi Travis,

Thanks for your response. I'm still struggling to get this thing working. I bought and installed a RS232 pccard on a Ubuntu desktop machine. I tried to connect the ez430-rf2500 usb connectors with the mote plugged in using few different usb to serial converters. I also needed to use couple of gender changers to connect things which shouldn't be a problem. The first thing I tried to test was to see if this setup will even power up the mote and it failed. I have a simple program which would turn on the LED when the button is pushed which works when I connect it to a regular usb port.

I'm not sure if these adapters are using ftdi chips so I have ordered a usb-serial converter with ftdi chip to test that as well. I'm not sure if that is the cause of my problems.

Do you have any hints of what I'm doing wrong? Any recommendations?

Thanks and best,
Arash

Travis Goodspeed said...

Howdy Arash,

RS232 uses the wrong voltages and inverts the signal. In RS232, a 1 is -10V and a 0 is +10 while the MSP430 requires a 1 to be +3.3V and a 0 to be 0V.

The cable you want is from FTDI, and it's part number is TTL-232R-3V3-PCB.

--Travis

voidlizard said...

Hi,

Is the GOODFET11 compatible with msp430-gdbproxy or msp430-jtag tools?

I faced the problem, that mspgcc toolchain does not support for 54XX MCU's, now I'm finding the way to work with them under Linux.

Is it realistic to use GOODFET for this purpose at the moment? At least just for uploading firmware into MCU's.

frogman said...

Here are some minor updates and corrections to the TI application note references:

FET UIF schematic - pages 64-67 of slau138k.pdf

EZ430U (rev. 1.1) - pages 10 & 11 of slau176b.pdf

EZ430U (rev. 2.0) - pages 16 & 17 of slau227e.pdf

xiao said...

this is very nice, however, I am wondering if the MSP430 launchpad can be really as hardware ported to be GoodFET JTAG, my question is how, because the chip MSP430F16x is already there, and TUSB3410 chip also there.

thanks for help anyway.

xiao said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Taylor Bara said...

Here are a different language techniques https://college-homework-help.org/blog/language-techniques that would allow you to gain a better writing skill!

Fashion said...

This Cyberpunk 2077 Costume was so useful for an amateur client like me this sharp me the correct way I unequivocally recommend individuals like me to tap the connection in the depiction it is so useful

Hasten Cleanse said...

lego dimensions disc only Is the initial addition of the list innovative products that been brought in market for young gamers.

jms said...

essaytigers

this post is very informative and this is the best post that i have ever read

Unknown said...

I appreciate this blog your blog is vert help full for me i really enjoyed this stuff dude. Top Gun Jacket

cristinajohn said...

Browse Our Range Of Men's Leather Jackets. Shop Leather Jackets For Men With Custom Made To Measure Option. Free Shipping In USA & World Wide.


cristinajohn said...

Our signature biker jackets are crafted from leather and suede with metal trims. Explore our men's collection with free delivery on US orders over $250 & free US ...

cristinajohn said...

Hollywood Celebrity Movie Jackets and Replica Leather Costumes Available at Our Store Discounted Price Mens and Womens New Fashion Jacket Sale No.1 ..


MovieStarJacket said...

Get the best Harley Quinn Birds Of Prey Blue Blazer from Moviestarjacket

riscillalauryn91@gmail.com said...

This Adam Lambert Purple coat redefines the fashion industry, Adam Lambert jacket has a zipper closure and the waistline has a zip to separate the coat and ...

riscillalauryn91@gmail.com said...

The Negative Man Coat is made of suede leather. The inner side of the jacket is made of viscose to make it. The collar is classic styled which is lined by shearling.


riscillalauryn91@gmail.com said...

We bring you the latest Descendants 2 Mitchell Hope King Ben Leather Jacket at affordable price only at Famous Movie Jackets with Free Worldwide Shipping.


denial patel said...

Very well written article. These tips and suggestions are going to help people a lot, specially those who wants to start their business online. Chris Evans Super Bowl Bomber Jacket They are going to get a clear view about how to market their product and increase their sale.

Walter said...

I bought this Ewan McGregor black mask Suit for my casual party, over all attention diverted to me, it was a nice experience.

Skinoutfits said...

very nice article , i found something more intresting
13 Reason Why Clay Jensen Hoodie

Skinoutfits said...


very nice post , i found something more intresting
BILLY CONNOLLY’S BIKER LEATHER JACKET

Skinoutfits said...


very nice post , i found something more intresting
Captain Cold Fur Hood Jacket

Skinoutfits said...


very nice post , i found something more intresting
Devil May Cry 5 Dante Leather Mini Coat

Unknown said...

This is the first time that I visit here. I found so many exciting matters in this particular blog, One thing I would like to request you that pls keep posting such type of informative blog. Movie Jackets

denial patel said...

What i do not realize is in fact how you are no longer actually a lot more well-liked than you may be right now. You’re so intelligent. Twenty one pilots jumpsuit jacket You realize therefore considerably relating to this matter, made me individually imagine it from numerous varied angles.

Network Champion Book said...

today i am going to tell you about a book that is related to information about networking. this is one of a great book that are are having. you must visit the books preview mode in order to see the best results.
there a loot of books who are talking about networking. here is one of the best book that i would love to suggest you to have in order to increase your knowledge of newtorking. this book is worth having.
Network Champion Book

Unknown said...

we are an organization known as seekclip we are an animation video creation where we create the best videos for our all the customers. As we known as a great short video animator and video production and a studio with a big vision to help our all the clients increase their business sales. We are all the professional in video creation. our company believe in the clients first policy, so you will get personalized attention from our team for your project so that it turns out just the way you have dreamed about it. Seekclip | Animation Video Creators In USA

Famous Jacket said...

Treat your looks with the cool and smart outfit Yellowstone kevin Costner jacket with free shipping

Famous Jacket said...

Pick spectacular exceptionally smart John Dutton Black Vest With free Shipping.

Unknown said...

all assignments are delivered on time and as per the given instructions. All the assignments are done from scratch as per their given instructions and requirements. Finding the resources is usually considered to be the most difficult part. So if you need help with any projects, either is be undergraduate or postgraduate level, our writers can definitely help you with your project.
Write My Assignment Cheap

Unknown said...

Emirati coffee is a big coffee wholesaler and supplier in UAE provide highest quality speciality coffee beans through direct trade with over 82 coffee producing countries, Emirati Coffee Dubai co-founder and CEO Mohamed Ali Al Madfai first opened the Emirati Coffee Co roastery in 2017 and the coffee shop followed a year later in 2018. Apart from coffee wholesalers, we offer a beautiful indoor or outdoor coffee cart with all equipment and highly skilled baristas to serve at your function or event. 
coffee beans supplier in dubai

Rammafoundation said...

In the eyes of ramma foundation, Quality and customer satisfaction is on highest priority. If you think that home require foundation repair, weeping tile repair or even seasonal rooftop snow removal, gutter cleaning, congratulations, you have arrived at the right place. House foundation repair Edmonton

Unknown said...

Some people note that new technologies are the medium of our lives, so children also should use them to be successful in the environment, which is closely connected with technology. If you want to write a good essays on entertainment read our sample first.

Chris said...

Seeing this type of stuff gives lots of atention to the users and also much more capabilities oi the bloggers and students

jimmy martin said...

link
link
link
link

New American Store said...

Nice to read your article! I am looking forward to sharing your adventures and experiences. thanks for sharing ..
The Undoing Shirt

Malena Morgan said...

The Christmas Chronicles Santa Claus Coat Thank You For This wonderful and nice blog you wrote such a wonderful article anyone love reading article read this Help to Purchase The Original Leather Product

Malena Morgan said...

Good post. I learn something new and challenging on websites I StumbleUpon on a daily basis. Cobra Kai Karate Kid Varsity Jacket

Malena Morgan said...

You have beautifully articulated it. Readers revisit only if they found something useful. So the core formula is to provide value to the readers. Also, Title is very important. Playerunknown’s Leather Jacket | Make It Easy

FoodCrowd | monthly food delivery dubai said...

Food Crowd brings the freshest food directly from farms to your plate, giving the UAE community
access to the best quality products being the best online grocery shopping sharjah

Unknown said...

Hasten Chemical is a team of professionals who work to maximize the bottom line results of its clients. As a wholesaler of chemical products, Hasten provides unconditional commitment to excellence in quality, that will provide consistent rults, and make us the partner of choice to help produce and maintain growth of Products and Service Companies.chemical supplier houstones

Mr-Styles said...

Hi Dear, You write such unique words in the content and description with pictures. Please share more

Isabell Kiral said...

This is very useful information and through this, we can improve our general. We should also share positive knowledge, so that other readers can get important knowledge. Cheap dissertation writing service.

Malena Morgan said...

Fate The Winx Saga Bloom Leather Jacket It is a very helpful and informative blog post. I would like to thank you for providing such information I have also have a website providing very good information

Unknown said...

Wow such an amazing content keep it up. I have bookmarked your page to check out more informative content here. Check this out Tate Langdon Sweater for yourself or to gift someone you may love.

Image Restoration Center said...

Are you looking to promote business then visit this Classified ads Posting | Rank Your Website - Off Page SEO i am providing my service in $5.

mready said...

nice article


HARLEY DAVIDSON BIKER GENUINE LEATHER JACKET


mready said...

nice article


HARLEY DAVIDSON BIKER GENUINE LEATHER JACKET


riscillalauryn91@gmail.com said...

It was really good work. I really like your thoughts.I personally appreciates for your work.your article is very impressive and helpful for us. Hope you will share these kinds of things with us also in future. Batman Arkham Jacket

riscillalauryn91@gmail.com said...

Your article is such an informative article. It is glad to read such articles. Thanks for sharing. Hayley Atwell Brown Jacket

Sara Nasir said...

Shopizia.pk

Let's Create Design said...

Lycosgears new and unique summer collection for professional bike riders. Visit now for custom products according to your desire. joker baseball gloves

jhonny said...

Marvelous post!!! Your blog is really outstanding. Thanks a lot for sharing such a wonderful post.
Wandavision Red Hoodie

Hit Jacket said...

Amazing Blog Thanks For sharing
Yellowstone Season 4 Moses Brings Plenty Jacket

Hit Jacket said...

Lovely content thanks for sharing
One of the best and genuine seller are launched some of the new products and also bring the sale on items so take your time and check Yellowstone Outfits

Road Bridge said...

When you have commercial or residential work that needs to be done quickly and with an eye for quality, look no further than Roadbridge Services Ltd. When you hire us, you’re hiring professionals who are trained and skilled.
Demolition companies Edmonton

New American Store said...

Very interesting blog to read. nice and useful content ... thanks for sharing it ..
Black Widow Leather Jacket

Best Services said...

Thanks for sharing this articles this is really helpful for me. Check this amazing Women Classy Brown Jacket available in special discount and with free shipping as well.

Rubina Sudais said...

When it’s time for floor or wall tile updates, we will do it to include a complete tile demo if necessary, and complete your new tile installation. We remove bathroom tile or kitchen tile and haul away the old tile and debris.
Tile Removal Contractor Edmonton

Hit Jacket said...

This Lemar Hoskins Vest was so valuable for a novice customer like me this sharp me the right way I unequivocally prescribe people like me to tap the association in the portrayal it is so helpful

Devilson : Buy MotoGP Suits, Jacket, Boots and Matching Gloves at UK best online Store said...

Harley Davidson is an Aprilia motorcycle leather jacket seller . Buy the top articles of Harley-Davidson. @ @ Harley Davidson with free shipping and hassle-free return.

Best Services said...

This is really amazing to know i really appreciate your for sharing this with us keep it up looking forward for more such articles here is coupons available for electronics things just check this wyze discount code

Unknown said...

What is Product Non-Conformance costing you? Consider the true cost of rework, wasted material, labour and energy. Has consumer confidence dropped causing a deterioration in your brand value?Operational Effectiveness Solutions Edmonton
Contact us to start eliminating ineffective activities.

Unknown said...

What is Product Non-Conformance costing you? Consider the true cost of rework, wasted material, labour and energy.operational planning Edmonton Has consumer confidence dropped causing a deterioration in your brand value?

Leyla Doyle said...

Highly appreciate your work Oujeer - Women Vest and research. Thank you

dry bulk trucking said...

Together with our comprehensive knowledge of materials and safety protocols that follow strict regulations, we offer a wide range of bulk transportation trucks to ensure that each load is hauled and transported safely and dry bulk trucking in Louisiana efficiently.
https://www.google.al/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.com.af/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.dz/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.as/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.ad/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.co.ao/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.com.ai/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.com.ag/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.com.ar/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/
https://www.google.am/url?q=https://www.hastencontracting.com/

LerenJack said...

great post it is very informative and inspiring content good work keep it up Film Jackets

MerlinViolet said...

Commenting on a blog is an art. Good comments create relations. You’re doing great work. Keep it up.
mango jackets

MerlinViolet said...

Thanks for sharing this informative blog, hard to find informative content. safety shoes

James Samuels said...

After a long absence, it was nice to visit your blog again. It has been a long time since I read this article. Thank you for sharing. Do you know how BPM calculations work? Visit my Beats Per Minute calculator profile if you don't already have one. Here is information about BPM.

LerenJack said...


This Winter Sale LerenJack Is offering up to 60% off upto and an extra $30 off with the code SAVE10 Visit Money Heist

Leah Jenny said...


I was surfing net and fortunately came across this site and found very interesting stuff here. Its really fun to read. I enjoyed a lot. Thanks for sharing this wonderful information.
online marketing agency

Jackets In Leather said...

We are looking for an informative post it is very helpful thanks for share it. We are offering all types of leather jackets with worldwide free shipping.
FLYING LEATHER JACKET
SHEARLING JACKETS
SHEEPSKIN JACKET
SUPERHERO LEATHER JACKET

Anonymous said...

Its blog gives information from other people very well I am impressed with its information and the information is very nice.
ws moto
and
Rucaati Sports

AZBlog said...

I visit your blog regularly and recommend it to all of those who wanted to enhance their knowledge with ease. The style of writing is excellent and also the content is top-notch. Thanks for that shrewdness you provide the readers!. Thank you so much for providing good-quality information. Cybersecurity Attack

AZBlog said...

Wow, What a Excellent post. I really found this to much informatics. It is what i was searching for.I would like to suggest you that please keep sharing such type of info.Thanks vlsportysexycool

Michel hardy said...

Hi, I find reading this article a joy. It is extremely helpful and interesting and very much looking forward to reading more of your work Chairs for Rent Metuchen NJ

john david said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
john david said...

With the constantly changing environment, numerous infections foster in our homes and it is essential to exterminate them for the safety of our homes and businesses. Sapphire Floor Maintenance, LLC. we provide services of Virus Disinfecting Services Matthews NC

Merry Smith said...

Wow such an amazing content i never read this before keep it up and keep sharing with us more useful information. Check this gosphero discount codediscounted coupon now and avail it.

Merry Smith said...

Thanks for sharing this amazing blog with some unique information keep it up. I found this discounted coupon gosphero coupon

Anonymous said...

Thanks for posting this info. I just want to let you know that I just check out your site and I find it very interesting and informative Pakistan News Releases.

ahmed said...

awesome post it was very informative Plz share more post like this
A2 JACKETS


B3 JACKETS


G1 JACKETS

marc monserrat said...

thank you for your valuable and useful information through the blog. I am appreciating with the way you shared the relevant, and perfect information.
vinilos decorativos

elvina roy said...

this was very amazing discount code and delivery much better experience visit at the publix flu shot promotion

Leyla Doyle said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Merry Smith said...

Thanks for sharing this amazing blog with some unique information keep it up. Here is uber promo code 50

Merry Smith said...

uber promo code 50

Dollar Jackets said...

This jacket is trendy and iconic. These jackets are made for men & women made with a cropped cardigan with a real leather section used in the front of the jacket. Visit Our Site. Virgin River Melinda Monroe Shearling Jacket

Merry Smith said...

Wow such an amazing content i never read this before keep it up and keep sharing with us more useful information. Check this hoverboard 360 discount coupon now and avail it.

Unknown said...

Cat 3 Combinaison Type 5/6 blanche
COMBINAISON avec coutures couvertes
Housse de protection en SMS non tissé avec chevilles, visage, poignets et taille élastiqués pour ajuster la taille. Egalement avec rabat auto-adhésif pour une meilleure fermeture par l’avant.
Type 5 & 6 avec conformité totale à la classification selon EN 14325
Matériel: SMS 100% Polypropylène 50 g / m2
Couleurs disponibles: Blanche
Taille: XL-XXL
Emballage: 50 Pièces Combinaison jetable

deanffranklin@gmail.com said...

You pass on a practically identical degree of declaration with consistency. Not actually permanently set up effort! fur coat women

Right Jackets said...

RightJackets is the best place for you to get the most original custom made products and more.We have the biggest range of a variety of products.

WWE Sasha Banks Retro Fanimation Jacket
Chicago Bears Nike Bomber Leather Jacket
Giddy Up Blue Bomber Satin Jacket
Secord Bill Rocketeer Cliff Campbell Pilot Flight Leather Jacket
Kiss Chacey Venice Patriot Blue Bomber Cotton Jacket

rockstarjackets said...

RockStar Jackets is incredibly pleased to announce ourselves as the most dependable manufacturers and exporters of a variety of products comprising of Leather Garments.

Rainbow Lady Gaga NYC Pride Leather Jacket
Singer Justin Bieber ‘Believe Tour’ at The Valley View Casino Center Leather Jacket
Girl Comme Des Garçons Patent Bomber Leather Jacket
Alice Olivia Fashion Black Leather Jacket
Acne Studios Womens Biker Leather Jacket

Unknown said...

HARDCORE CYCLES was started in the Greater Philadelphia area by a group of tight friends with a passion for V-Twin performance aftermarket parts.Visit our Website Thanks

S&S "TIME SAVER" CHROMOLY ADJUSTABLE PUSHRODS TC 99-17

Anna said...

I read this article. I think You put a great deal of exertion to make this article. I like your work. Womens Bomber Jacket

Famous Movie Jackets said...

DSiWare platform is fully children support. Kids play game easily and comfortable zone. Yellowstone Jacket Collection

Famous Movie Jackets said...

Also, what an euphoric high that would give me; in any event, contemplating that occurrence. Harley Quinn Jacket

kathymccaan said...

Shop this best quality Spider-Man No Way Home Wong Parka Jacket For men SHOP NOW

kathymccaan said...

Shop this best Super quality Spider-Man No Way Home Wong Parka Jacket For men SHOP NOW

mudasir said...

The Big Pizza
Very Know LEdge Full Artical And Very Gorgeous Artical he Is Very Knowledge He Is BeautyFull Artical

thebigpizza

Domyclassesnow said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Unknown said...

Mobile app development can be presented over different domains with preliminary unique ideas based on audience to target, thanks for sharing such an informative blog. For more details lunet ray ban

Smith said...

Nice blog and absolutely outstanding. My exam is next week So I found this site its really amazing and helpful. If you have any problem regarding to study. So come on this site. Our prices are nominal and under the student’s budget. Contact us and we will accommodate you in the best possible way. Take My Proctor Exam

Maria Lawrence said...

Hi there! Nice stuff, do keep me posted when you post again something like this! cbd muscle gel

Smith said...

Nice article! So if you don’t have time to prepare well for your exam. Don't worry about it. I'm here for you. I recommend you best website where you solve all issue. https://domyexamnow.com/

Bella spa said...

Female to male spa near me this is the most popular type of massage that novices should be familiar with. This is a basic massage that covers the entire body.

Smith said...

This is a great post. I like this topic. This site has lots of advantage. I found many interesting things from this site. It helps me in many ways. Thanks for posting this again.
Do you struggle studying English? If yes, then come to us because we have professional experts who are ready to help you with your academic problems. Feel free to contact us anytime you want. Hire Someone To Take My English Proctored Exam

Do Exams For Me said...

We all face strict deadlines to complete Exam For Me. Do exams for me provide the best help for your queries like “can I hire someone to do my exam?” to complete your paper just in time our experts are available all day and night.

Do My Online Exam Now said...

We are the most trusted service providers for hiring an expert to assist to do exam for me with any exam topic. Exams are usually a source of anxiety for students since, in the end, your marks will determine your knowledge, and ability to study. You don't have to be concerned about receiving a poor grade. Hire one of our exam takers to complete your exam.

izspa said...

Aside from loosened up muscles, your temper will likewise improve, hence furnishing you with an unwavering discernment. A decent outlook will hoist your temperament, assisting you with managing viably during upsetting circumstances. A body back rub will get inspiration, causing you to have a decent outlook on yourself; it additionally hugely affects great wellbeing.

Visit Female to male spa near me

Real Jackets said...

This Blog is very informative for us. Thanks for writing about it. In this article, some examples help me in applying in daily life
Pelle Pelle Pink jacket

Smith said...

This is a great post. I like this topic. This site has lots of advantage. I found many interesting things from this site. It helps me in many ways.Thanks for posting this again. Domyexamnow.com understands the pain of students in taking online classes. To help struggling students we offer online class help at affordable rates. Pay Someone To Take Online Class

spasweety said...

Spasweety is the best Body to body massage spa near me. We are an award-winning spa, and have been recognized by many organizations for our achievements. Our services are designed to suit a wide variety of needs and budgets, so there's something for everyone!

Rati Spa said...


You can easily book an appointment at Rati Spa by calling on the numbers displayed on their site. Nuru massage

spaleel12 said...


I offer a wide range of therapeutic techniques including Swedish techniques such as effleurage and petrissage; deep tissue works to release chronic tension or knots. Massage spa near me

mohini said...

Now get your male massage services in indhiranagar from expert male therapist at best prices.Male client can get comfortable service with the male therapist in your locality from massage Izspa.

Visit male to male spa indiranagar

lishasingh said...

Lishasingh is a massage therapist from Bangalore. He has worked over the last few years to provide top customer service massage parlour near me and support, for both male and female customers.He is always striving to become a better version of his self by ensuring high quality control throughout the day.Obedient6 minutes ago

Tobarok Alli said...

Useful Information, your blog is sharing unique information.
JTAG

Kingston said...

I check your blog regularly and attempt to take in something from your blogs. Much thanks to you and the sitting light for your new post. Such a great website about education. I got 90% marks in CA through this site Help With My Online Class. It really helped me. Do My Online Teas Exam

Unknown said...

I am glad you take pride in what you write. This makes you stand way out from many other writers that push poorly written content. clock in clock out

izspa.net said...

Female to male spa near you 24 hours provides professional spa treatments that will melt away your stress. Our professional therapists will pamper you to make sure that you feel relaxed, rejuvenated and looking your best.
female to male spa near me 24 hours

Unknown said...

Nice post! This is a very nice blog that I will definitively come back to more times this year! Thanks for informative post. clock in clock out

audrey kallis said...


online class helper are always there to provides you meaning full solutions with the wide range of exam experts

Adeel said...

This is a great article. i enjoying during read this article. cheap loafers

Phoenix said...

We are truly thankful for your blog entry. In the event that you are remembering to pay somebody to do my test, I would agree to pick them for they are the best site. Help Me Take a Course
Online Proctored Exam Helper

kathymccaan said...

Shop this best Super quality Mortdecai Black Jacket For WOMEN’S SHOP NOW

Islamic Info said...

Unique and also sensational tips covered in this blog post. Hopefully it will likewise be advantageous for others as it produces effective information for all.

url opener
online filmek
uwatchfree

lishasingh said...

With us, you will not only receive a complete body massage, but also other options like Foot Massage as well as Body Scrubs and Face spa near to me Pack. Our prices are reasonable so that anyone can enjoy our services with no trouble.

Unknown said...

Outstanding realities and factors posted in this summarized blog post. Expecting much more posts similar to this one.
UWatchFree
PlayTubes

Appyeet said...

Thanks for sharing this informative information with us. How to download premium free apps from appyeet? I recommend to read our article about Appyeet, in this platform, you will get all types of premium free apps for free with the help of Appyeet. it's easy to use.

cristinajohn said...

Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking..Suicide Squad Joker Jacket

Dorm Party said...

Very informational content you have shared. Do you rank your site through SEO

Derek Advert said...

Here is the article about the List of Best 5 All Rounders of the Asia Cup 2022.
Top 5 all rounders of Asia Cup 2022

Nigersaurus teeth said...

Since the great pizza ovens of Italy were first brought to the United States, people have been trying to perfect the art of making a delicious, crispy pizza.
Guide to the pallet pizza oven

Leyla Doyle said...

Oujeer is a leading brand for leather jackets & handcraft custom leather jacket mens

Unknown said...

I translated this article, and it was very interesting, I will definitely share it. bolsos de mano hombre

Crystal Femi said...

Excellent blog you have shared with us, keep up the good work. If you don't know what are the tips for fixing your iPhone keep saying the call failed? If not, then now that you know how to address this issue, a Continuous iPhone call that failed on your iPhone could be the most frustrating experience you've ever had. There is no need to worry because every problem has a solution! I know one article about iPhone call failed, with the help of this article, you can easily fix the issue, so immediately go through this article.

Amayra John said...

This was really amazing, great blog you have shared with us. Do fake donations still exist on Twitch? On Twitch, it is possible to make a bogus donation. Chat, phony credit cards, and chargebacks are three of the most common tactics for scamming a streamer by appearing to donate to them. also, most streamers get their money or bits primarily through donations; after that, they transfer those bits to USD.

Zayn Khaled said...

All prayers are said in accordance with the Islamic calendar, though the times may change slightly according to the time of year. Typically, the Doha Prayer Time begin an hour or so before sunrise and end at midnight.

verapaquette said...

Thank you for sharing this information. I read your blog and I can’t stop my self to read your full blog. Barbie Doll Leather Jacket

William Tanner said...

Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking. Varsity Jacket

chrispine said...

Really appreciate this wonderful post that you have provided for us. Great site and a great topic as well I really get amazed to read this. It's excellent. Feel free to visit my website. Celebrity Leather Jackets

The Dark Attitude said...

Thanks for sharing this valuable information with us.
Gothic Cyber Pants

Emilia smith said...

This is very interesting, You are a very skilled blogger. Thanks for sharing this. Beth Dutton Blue Jacket

Maria Adam said...

Don't let expensive items prevent you from shopping on Amazon for anything you require. Enjoy incredible discounts on all your purchases when you use our amazon 10% off entire order coupon code. Amazon is the best place to shop because of its enormous product range and quick shipping.

hastenchemical said...

activated carbon supplier Houston provides top-quality activated carbon products for a range of applications, such as air and water purification, chemical purification, and industrial processes. They pride themselves on their commitment to sustainability and customer satisfaction.




Edvin Berg said...

"Wow, this blog post is an absolute gem! The writer beautifully captured the essence of the topic and presented it in such an engaging and informative way. Kudos to the author!"
beacons coupon code.

Publicnotary said...

Public and private Notary are government officials who authenticate legal documents and administer oaths, while private notaries are individuals or entities authorized by the state to provide similar services to the public. The duties and responsibilities of public and private notaries vary depending on the jurisdiction and the type of documents they handle.




alan foster said...

Our company mclean intelligent workforce gives Recruitment as a Service is at the centre of what we do and constitutes the basis of all of our recruitment services. It indicates that we only ever charge clients based on billed hours, and not a percentage of the wage of the role we are filling.

harsharose said...

Amazing and excellent information from the blogger!!!!

abogados de bancarrota cerca

Maria Adam said...

"If you haven't tried Fetch yet, you're missing out! With thousands of receipts scanned in February alone, it's clear that Fetch is quickly becoming a must-have tool for savvy shoppers. Do visit How Many Receipts Are Scanned On Fetch In February and you will amazed the results.

chrispine said...

Pretty good post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed reading your blog posts. Star Trek Picard Field Jacket

Kavin Sutton said...

Thank you for contributing to this discussion, which will be used as a reference for future articles. The best part of working as part of a community is that you can interact with members and other resources who share your interests. b3 aviator brown leather jacket

Wilson said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Adam Khaled said...

The 19th Sura of the Quran Kareem, Surah Maryam contains 98 verses and is located in paragraph 16 of the book. This Surah, whose name in English is "Mary," is available in its entirety as a Surah Maryam in Hindi PDF file that can be downloaded online. It was published by Maktaba Tul Madinah. The recitation of Surah Maryam in Hindi online is also possible for readers in PDF format, provided they download and store the files on their respective devices.

Movie Outfits said...

Let's talk about the sensation that is the Rip Wheeler Jacket, making waves across the USA. Inspired by the tough and enigmatic character from "Yellowstone," this jacket is the epitome of rugged coolness.

johnson said...

I'm looking forward to reading more posts like this in the future. I'm confident that many readers will benefit from this post. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and expertise.
Leesburg Divorce Lawyer
Abogados Familia Cerca Mi Edison NJ

priya roy said...

female to male massage centre hsr layout encourage endorphin release through close contact and gliding motions, which promote muscular relaxation, ease tension, and treat pain.

Finn Foley said...

The post prompts further investigation into related subtopics. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of the subject matter. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

The post promotes a sense of responsibility in using knowledge ethically. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

The article is highly stimulating and informative, leaving a positive impression. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

I'm impressed by the author's ability to present complex information in a clear and accessible manner. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

I'm captivated by the author's skillful delivery of information and their ability to engage the reader. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

I'm captivated by the author's ability to convey information in a compelling and engaging way. Christmas Chronicles Vest



Finn Foley said...

This article has succeeded in capturing my attention and providing me with valuable insights. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

The article's content is both enlightening and thought-provoking, leaving a lasting impact. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

I'm captivated by the author's skill in presenting the information in an engaging and coherent manner. Christmas Chronicles Vest

Finn Foley said...

The author's expertise and thorough research shine through, making the article trustworthy and credible. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

I'm impressed by the article's ability to distill complex information into easily digestible insights. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

Thankfulness for the informative and beneficial content. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

Appreciation for the author's commitment to producing valuable content. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

Recognition of the author's ability to captivate the reader's interest. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

Thankfulness for the post's practical suggestions and recommendations. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

The post's comprehensive coverage makes it an invaluable resource. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

The reader's knowledge is expanded through the author's contribution. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

The reader's appreciation for the post's helpfulness is profound. Christmas Sweater Vest

Finn Foley said...

The post's impact on the reader's perspective is significant and transformative. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

The author's ongoing commitment to sharing valuable insights is admirable. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

The reader's gratitude for the post's impact on their personal growth is profound. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

The author's dedication to meeting the reader's needs is truly remarkable. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

The author's dedication to providing well-researched information is truly admirable. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

The author's commitment to sharing valuable insights is deeply respected. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

Outstanding website that captivates all readers. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

Unparalleled content that evokes gratitude upon discovery. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

Grateful for discovering this phenomenal content resource. Mens Christmas Vest

Finn Foley said...

Thankful for stumbling upon this treasure trove of quality content. Christmas Vest Womens

Finn Foley said...

Grateful for the excellent content provided on this platform. Christmas Vest Womens

Finn Foley said...

Appreciated for the exceptional craftsmanship displayed on this website. Christmas Vest Womens

Finn Foley said...

A website that leaves a lasting impact with its exceptional content. Christmas Vest Womens

Finn Foley said...

This website's content resonates deeply with its audience. Christmas Vest Womens

Finn Foley said...

The valuable tips and advice on this site are truly invaluable. Christmas Vest Womens

«Oldest ‹Older   1 – 200 of 271   Newer› Newest»